Most online stores segment customers by gender, age, location or product category. That makes sense for targeting cold audiences. For working with your existing customer base, it's almost useless.
A 35-year-old woman from Chicago might be your best customer with 12 orders a year. Or she might have bought once two years ago and never come back. Demographics won't tell you the difference. Behavior will.
RFM is a customer segmentation method built on three behavioral metrics:
- Recency — how many days have passed since the last purchase.
- Frequency — how many orders the customer placed during the chosen period.
- Monetary — how much the customer spent during that same period.
Each customer gets a score for each metric, usually from 1 to 5. Together, the three scores form an RFM code. A 5-5-5 is a champion: bought recently, often and for a large amount. A 1-1-1 is a random or long-lost buyer.
A 1–5 scale gives you 125 possible combinations in theory. Nobody can run 125 separate groups, so you merge them into 8–11 segments with clear business logic. Below we'll walk through the eight we use most often.
In our experience at
Brutal Marketing, the calculation is the easy part. The hard part is choosing the right thresholds, reading the results correctly and building a separate communication playbook for each segment. That's where most attempts fall apart.